We also have analysis for NHS pressures in England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Note that available data is not always comparable across all nations.
Last updated on 16 September 2025
NHS backlog
Like other UK nations, in Scotland there are significant waiting lists for healthcare. Waiting lists increased sharply in March 2020 with the start of the Covid-19 pandemic and, despite some signs of modest improvements in recent months, remain far higher than before the pandemic.
Waiting times for elective care remain high
Elective care in Scotland is facing severe pressures. Waiting lists for both outpatient and inpatient treatments in Scotland increased rapidly after the start of the pandemic but have not yet begun to fall.
Having reached a peak in September 2024 when the total number waiting for inpatient and outpatient treatments reached over 728,500, the number of patients waiting fell to 718,000 in March 2025.
The proportion of outpatients who had been waiting more than 12 weeks for an appointment stood at 59% in March 2025, up from 25% in March 2019.
Similarly, the proportion of patients who had been waiting over 12 weeks for inpatient (or day case) admissions stood at 67% in March 2025, compared to 29% in March 2019. The legal Treatment Time Guarantee states that health boards must ensure that patients receive inpatient and day case treatment within 12 weeks from a diagnosis and agreement of treatment.
Even before the pandemic, however, the proportion of people waiting for over 12 weeks had been increasing, indicating that pressures on elective care preceded the pandemic.
Patients are waiting longer for cancer treatment
Services continue to operate significantly below the standard of 62 days from urgent referral to starting cancer treatment. In the quarter ending in March 2025, only 69% of eligible people received treatment within 62 days, compared to 81% in March 2019 prior to the pandemic. The 95% target for this measure has not been met since 2012.
Performance against the 31-day standard, from decision to treat to treatment, is generally much better, with 94% of patients receiving their first cancer treatment within 31 days from the decision to treat in the quarter ending in March 2025.
A&E waiting times continue to increase
Emergency care in Scotland is also facing substantial pressures. A&E performance was already a challenge prior to the COVID-19 pandemic: The A&E target of 95% of patients being admitted, transferred or discharged within 4 hours of arrival had not been met since August 2017.
However, from summer 2020 onwards, performance against the target significantly worsened, reaching a low of 62% in December 2022. There has been little improvement in A&E waiting times since then. In May 2025, 72% of patients were admitted, transferred or discharged within 4 hours of arrival at A&E.
The diagnostics backlog continues to grow
The waiting list for diagnostic tests had been steadily growing for more than a decade and then increased dramatically due to the COVID-19 pandemic, reaching a peak of 160,000 in August 2022. In March 2025, there were almost 143,000 ongoing waits for a key diagnostic test.
People are also waiting longer for tests. Performance against the six-week wait standard had been declining in the years leading up to the COVID-19 pandemic and plummeted to 28.4% in April 2020. Since then, performance has only partially recovered, with 59% of patients waiting less than 6 weeks for a diagnostic test in March 2025.
Medical staffing (secondary care)
The medical workforce in Scotland has generally been growing, in terms of headcount and Full-Time Equivalent (FTE). In March 2025, there were 17,105 individual doctors employed in secondary care, or the equivalent of 15,240 full-time doctors (FTE). This is a 35% increase since December 2012, when this dataset began. Despite this growth, however, NHS Scotland is struggling to meet ever-increasing patient demand.
In addition, NHS Scotland has been struggling to recruit enough consultant doctors. The number of consultant vacancies, as well as the consultant vacancy rate (the percentage of consultant posts which are unfilled), remains stubbornly high. According to official data, there were 387 FTE (Full-Time Equivalent) medical and dental consultant vacancies in March 2025, representing around 6.0% of all consultant posts in Scotland.
The actual number of vacancies is likely to be even higher. In December 2022, BMA Scotland conducted FOI requests, which revealed that consultant vacancies are likely twice as high as official rates suggest.
Another key pressure point is agency spend on medical staff which, in 2023-24 prices, has increased by 9% over the last 5 years – rising from £119.0 million in 2018-19 to £129.6 million in 2023-24.
Pressures in general practice
The overall number (headcount) of fully qualified GPs (excluding GP registrars) in Scotland remains relatively static, with an addition of just 117 fully qualified GPs since September 2017, bringing the total to 4,582 in March 2025. Although the number of GP registrars is growing, these data suggest that the Scottish Government is not on track to meet its pledge to increase the headcount GP workforce by 800 GPs by 2027.
The number of GP partners (performers) continues to fall. During the last decade, the number of GP partners reduced by 598 to 3,103 in September 2024.
Moreover, the number of FTE (full-time equivalent) fully qualified GPs has been decreasing. In March 2025 there were 3,592 FTE fully qualified GPs in Scotland, 76 FTE fewer than in 2017.
GP practices are also experiencing high vacancy rates. During 2024-25, 14.4% of GP practices responding to the General Practice workforce survey reported a vacancy at their practice.
At the same time, the number of patients continues to rise year on year. In April 2025, there were over 6 million patients registered with GP practices in Scotland, 7% more than in 2014.
This results in an ever-increasing workload for GPs. In 2024 a single full-time GP was responsible for 1,681 patients – nearly 160 more than in 2013, amounting to a 11% increase.
This problem is compounded by Scotland’s aging population, which comes with a growing burden of disease. The number of patients aged 65 and over has increased by 22% since 2013.
Please see our Sustainability crisis in General Practice in Scotland page for more detailed analysis.