Last updated January 2025

Demand for diagnostics services is on the rise, but a lack of infrastructure combined with staffing shortages has contributed to vast waiting lists. 

The Labour Government aims to enhance diagnostic capacity, improve early diagnostics, and reduce cancer mortality. In 2025-26, it plans to allocate £1.5 billion in capital investment to support elective recovery, including the delivery of over a million additional diagnostic tests, as well as establishing new surgical hubs and CDCs (Community Diagnostic Centres).  

Increasing numbers of scanners and the expansion of diagnostic centres is an important step but will only tackle waiting times if there are sufficient staff to operate them.  

Demand for diagnostic tests continues to increase

Diagnostic waiting lists are growing

In November 2024, around 1.6 million people in England were waiting for a diagnostic test, twice as many as in January 2006 (0.8 million), when this dataset began. This waiting list has been growing steadily since 2008, well before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.

People are also waiting longer for tests. The NHS constitution states that patients referred for diagnostic tests should receive a test within six weeks, yet this target has not been met since February 2017.

The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated this situation. Between the start of the pandemic and April 2023, the number of people waiting over six weeks for a diagnostic test rose from around 30,000 to 431,000 – a 14-fold increase.

At the same time, performance against the six-week wait target plummeted from 97% to 42% during the first lockdown (February – May 2020). It has only recovered partially since, and stood at 72.4% in April 2023.

Demand will continue to increase as the population grows and ages

At the same time, the population in England is growing and ageing, bringing a growing burden of disease.

The ONS (Office for National Statistics) expect the population in England to grow by 6.7% by 2045 – an increase of 3.2 million. At the same time, the number of people aged 85 years or over will have nearly doubled. This means more and more people will become NHS patients, fall ill, and require a diagnosis. The strain on diagnostic services is thus set to increase further in coming years.

Demand for diagnostics is already outstripping capacity

Growing waiting lists for diagnostic tests are a function of capacity limitations and a growing burden of disease.

The UK has less diagnostic equipment than other countries

Demand for diagnostic services is outstripping capacity. In comparison to EU nations, the UK has much less diagnostic equipment in its hospitals:

• The UK has just 10 CT scanners per 1 million people, fewer than any EU nation. The average number in OECD EU nations is 20.5.
• The average number of MRI scanners per 1 million people in the EU is 12.4, while the UK has 8.6.
• The average number of mammography machines per 1 million people in the EU is 11.3, while the UK has 11.2.

There is not enough diagnostic staff in the NHS

Besides insufficient diagnostic capacity in terms of machinery, England has a clear shortage of diagnostic staff. Over recent years, expansion of key staff groups has not kept pace with the above increases in demand and activity.

According to the Royal College of Pathologists, 97% of histopathology departments in the UK do not have enough staff to meet demand, and an Independent Review of Diagnostic Services found that the imaging workforce will require 11,370 additional staff by 2025. Similarly, Royal College of Radiologists has reported a nearly 30% workforce shortfall amongst consultant and interventional radiologists.

Community diagnostic centres are no silver bullet

In February 2022, as part of the Elective Recovery Plan, the then UK Government announced their plan to build a network of over 160 CDCs in a bid to speed up diagnostic processes in the NHS. Since its election in 2024, the Labour Government has reaffirmed this commitment to CDCs and their role was emphasised in DHSC and NHS England’s plan for elective reform, published in January 2025. This sets out that there will be 170 CDCs in operation by March 2025, as well as plans to increase their opening times to 12 hours a day, seven days a week. 

Given existing workforce shortages, it is clear that running these centres requires more diagnostic staffing than is available. There is also a risk of redistributing workload across the same stretched workforce, if staff are moved from hospitals to diagnostic centres. Any workforce plans must also ensure that staff are well-integrated across all sites. 

What the BMA is calling for