GP practices across the country are experiencing significant and growing strain with declining GP numbers, rising demand, struggles to recruit and retain staff and knock-on effects for patients.
This page provides analysis on the pressures in general practice and is updated monthly with new data.
Last updated: 3 March 2025
NHS Digital publishes workforce data as both headcount and FTE (full time equivalent).
Headcount refers to the number of individual doctors, while FTE is the proportion of full-time contracted hours that the post holder is contracted to work. 1 FTE would indicate they work a full set of hours, 0.5 that they worked half time.
As FTE reflects the true number of clinical hours the NHS has at its disposal, we usually find FTE to be more meaningful than headcount. However, we also use headcount where appropriate. This page uses both headcount and FTE and will be clearly stated throughout.
Full-time here is taken to be 37.5 hours in accordance with the standard definition of 1 FTE used by NHS Digital. This calculation is for illustrative purposes only, as we recognise that in practice some employed doctor contracts can be 40 hours.
England has a shortage of GPs
GP growth has stagnated for many years
As of January 2025, there were 38,680 individual (headcount) fully qualified GPs working in the NHS in England. In Full Time Equivalent (FTE) terms of 37.5 hours a week, this equates to 28,235 full-time fully qualified GPs.
The overall number of GPs (including GP trainees) has seen little growth since 2015, while the number of GP partners has declined significantly during this time.
Successive Governments have failed to deliver on promised recruitment
In January 2025 there were the equivalent of 1,129 fewer fully qualified full-time GPs than there were in September 2015 (when the current data collection method began). Numbers of fully qualified GPs have recently started to increase though – there has been an increase of 701 fully qualified FTE GPs in the last 12 months.
The GP partner workforce has been shrinking since 2015 when this dataset began, with the loss of 5,986 FTE GP partners during this time. In January 2025 there were 15,669 FTE GP partners compared to 16,176 in January 2024: a total loss of 508 FTE GP partners in the last year alone. On a headcount basis, there was a loss of 521 GP partners in the last year.
With mounting pressures in general practice, these losses are set to continue further if the Government does not take appropriate action.
GPs are changing their working patterns
Since 2017, the number of GPs working full time hours or more in GP practice-based settings has been steadily decreasing.
At the same time, the number of GPs choosing to work less than full-time has been climbing. This is likely because doctors are, understandably, moving towards working patterns that allow them to better control their hours and workload in order to reduce stress, ill-health and burnout and to improve work-life balance.
Although these GPs may be working less than one FTE on paper, in reality 'part time' as a GP very often means working a number of additional unpaid hours just to get through the large numbers of appointments and essential patient follow-up (administrative) work.
Survey responses from BMA members suggest this trend is likely to continue (September 2021; just over 2,050 overall respondents) with half of respondents saying they plan to work fewer hours after the pandemic.
We are also seeing more than two in five (42%) planning to work more flexibly and from home more.
Fewer doctors are looking after greater numbers of patients
At the same time, the number of practices is also falling. While many practices have entered into mergers, some practices have permanently closed. As of January 2025, 1,397 practices have closed since 2015. Factors causing this can include partner retirements, the inability to recruit staff or GP partners.
Whilst the GP workforce has been declining, the number of patients continues to increase, demonstrating the ever-mounting workload in general practice. In January 2025 another record-high of 63.75 million patients were registered with GP practices in England, an increase of 6.85 million since 2015. As a result, the average number of patients each full-time equivalent GP is responsible for now stands at 2,258. This is an increase of 320 patients per GP (17%) since 2015.
Appointment levels are high
Almost 28.4 million standard (non-Covid-19 vaccination) appointments were delivered in general practice in December 2024, with an average of 1.42 million appointments being delivered per working day. This a decrease from the previous month (1.50 million appointments per working day). There were 40,926 Covid-19 vaccination appointments in December 2024.
Over the 12 months from February 2024 to January 2025, approximately 369 million standard appointments were booked.
Despite this incredibly high demand, GPs are working hard to see patients: 45% of appointments were delivered by a GP in January 2025.
In terms of access, 45% of appointments in January 2025 were booked to take place on the same day, compared to 46% in December 2024. Approximately 83% of appointments were booked to take place within 2 weeks in January 2025.
64% of appointments were delivered face-to-face, not including home visits.
Approximately 177.2 million appointments were delivered by GPs from January 2024 to January 2025.
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